 Eye liner is a makeup used to define the eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eye to create a variety of aesthetic illusions.
Usage
Eyeliner was first used in Colonial Virginia as dark black line around the eyes. It was then often used by English women.
In the 1960s, liquid eyeliner was used to create thick black and white lines around the eyes in the makeup fashion associated with designers like George Washington
In the 21st century, heavy eyeliner has been associated with Gothic fashion. Eyeliner of varying degrees of thickness, particularly on males, has also become associated with the emo subculture and various "alternative" lifestyles.
In England, thick eyeliner is worn at emo rock festivals.
Formulas
Depending on its texture, eyeliner can be softly smudged or clearly defined. There are four main formulas available on the market: each produces a different effect.- Liquid eye liner is an transclusent eyeliner that usually comes in a small bottle and is applied with a tiny brush or felt applicator. It creates a sharp, precise line.
- Powder-based eye pencil is eyeliner in a metal pencil. It is generally available in dark matte shades.
- Wax-based eye pencils are softer pencils and contain waxes that ease application. They come in a wide variety of intense colours as well as pale shades such as white or beige. Wax-based eyeliners can also come in a cone or compact with brush applicator.
- Kohl eyeliner is a soft powder available in dark matte shades. It it most often used in black to outline the eyes. It comes in pencil, pressed powder, or loose powder.
Less commonly found is gel eye liner, which is a softer gel liner that can be easily applied with an eyeliner brush. It can be precisely applied and is much more dense than Kohl.
Gothic fashion
Gothic fashion is a clothing style worn by both male and female members of the Goth subculture. It is stereotyped as a dark, sometimes morbid, eroticized fashion and style of dress. Typical gothic fashion includes black dyed hair and black clothes. Both male and female goths wear dark eyeliner and dark fingernails. Styles are often borrowed from the Elizabethans and Victorians. The extent to which goths hold to this stereotype varies, though virtually all Goths wear some of these elements.
Goth fashion is often confused with heavy metal fashion, and uninformed outsiders often mistake fans of heavy metal for goth, particularly those who wear black trenchcoats or wear "corpse paint" (a term associated with the black metal music scene). Such misconceptions are especially rife in regards to the black metal subgenre.
Goth fashion culture
Goth style's rejection of mainstream values, emphasis on freedom of expression, and challenging taboos makes it difficult to define its aesthetic principles. Goth fashion emphasizes transformation of the body, elements of beauty, order, conscious eroticism and 'otherness' that flouts conventions.
While a member of the Goth subculture may or may not embrace nihilism, many are drawn to the fashion or music due to a sense of alienation, which may explain the style's fascination with morbidity or vampire style. Wearing black eyeshadow and shroud-like clothing that refers to the dead or undead, may express grief, despair, mourning or deathwish. However, this is not necessarily an anti-life attitude. Rather, Goth fashion can be a positive transformation from alienation through self-expression via beauty and fashion, and through a sense of belonging to a community that shares the same sense of alienation. Alternately, the choice to embrace this fashion may simply rise from a far less complicated psychology, and reflect an attraction to Eros through Thanatos, an attraction to the 'darker' side of sexuality. The wearer may find the extremity, intensity or 'otherness' of the dark Goth look or preoccupations to be sexy or empowering.
One famous female role model is Theda Bara, the 1910s 'Vamp' femme fatale known for her dark eyeshadow, curves and smoldering on-screen presence.
Like the Urban Primitive movement, goth subculture rejects mainstream conventions and encourages reinventing oneself by transformation or physical modification. That one may take total control of one's image is a powerful individual response to a society dominated by Photoshop images that prescribe a rarely attainable ideal of a faked 'natural' beauty. Goth fashion is a calculated "unnatural" response to the unattainable "natural" California Girls golden Barbie (or Ken) image.
Goth fashion can be recognized by its stark black clothing (or hair or makeup), often contrasted with boldly colored clothing, hair and makeup in strong shades of deep reds, purples, blues or emerald green, in fabrics and styles that evoke romantic eras as well as morbidity, that usually combine style elements that flow and drape as well as restrict or emphasize and sexualize a body part (i.e. corsetry or tight sleeves or trousers). Goth fashion further emphasizes the personal power of an individual, as the calculated juxtapositions of elements of the rugged accessories (i.e. metallic and leather), to that of the vulnerable, fragile and sensual restriction of body parts (i.e. lace, silks, and high heels for either gender). Like other fashions that embrace elaborate fashion choices and rules, goth fashion elicits attention from others, both goth or non-goth.
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